| 陇东黄土高原农业系统的水分利用和作物—家畜系统耦合模式 | |
| Alternative Title | Water use of farming system and crop-livestock coupling mode in the eastern Gansu Loess Plateau |
| 李国藩 | |
| Subtype | 硕士 |
| Thesis Advisor | 侯扶江 |
| 2021-05-26 | |
| Degree Grantor | 兰州大学 |
| Place of Conferral | 兰州 |
| Degree Name | 农学硕士 |
| Degree Discipline | 农村与区域发展 |
| Keyword | 陇东黄土高原 农业系统 水分利用 作物—家畜系统 耦合模式 |
| Abstract | 水分是制约雨养农业系统可持续管理的重要因素之一，陇东黄土高原是典型的雨养农业区，作物生产与家畜生产在降水、热量等环境梯度上发生系统耦合，演化出多样的农业系统，其水分利用如何优化尚需研究。为此，2019—2020年，在庆阳市南北降水梯度上，选择北部甜水镇（the northern region, NR）、中部曲子镇（the central region, CR）和南部什社乡（the southern region, SR）三个研究区域，开展入户调查和田间取样分析，研究农业系统主要作物的水分利用和作物—家畜系统优化耦合模式。主要结果如下： 1.农户作物生产的土壤水分格局 年际间降雨、地理位置、作物种类、土层深度对土壤水分影响显著。2020年作物地土壤水分含量变化大于2019年，可能与2020年春旱有关。主要作物生育期前后0—100 cm土壤水分变化具有明显的垂直分布特征，0—30 cm 深度土壤水分变化剧烈，30—100 cm深度土壤水分含量较平稳。2019年，NR、CR和SR作物种植前与收获后的土壤水分含量在0-30cm土层的变化值为4.22%、3.64%和5.97%，在30-100cm土层的变化值为2.58%、2.41%和3.73%。2020年，NR、CR和SR作物种植前与收获后的土壤水分含量在0-30cm土层的变化值为4.71%、5.18%和4.31%，在30-100cm土层的变化值为3.62%、3.63%和3.16%。 2.农户生产系统的作物耗水量 NR、CR、SR农户作物生产的耗水量在专门化作物生产系统中分别为1718.49—2447.02、1662.13—3093.34和750.23—2253.51 t /户之间，单位面积作物耗水量分别为176.45、276.48和363.27 mm，与年降水量呈正相关;在作物—家畜综合生产系统中分别为1880.65—2544.12、1753.42—3038.25和920.75—2148.41 t /户之间，单位面积作物耗水量分别为179.23、274.78和364.86 mm，与年降水量呈正相关。玉米生物产量（y）与耗水量（x）的关系，在专门化作物生产系统中为y = 0.047x + 13.049（R²= 0.46，P＜0.001），在作物—家畜综合生产系统中为y = 0.062x + 7.546（R²= 0.76 ，P＜0.001）;小麦生物产量（y）与耗水量（x）的关系，在专门化作物生产系统中为y =0.022x + 2.739（R²= 0.80，P＜0.001），在作物—家畜综合生产系统中为y =0.016x + 3.198（R²= 0.77，P＜0.001）。 3.主要作物的水分利用效率 玉米的水分利用效率NR＞CR＞SR（P＜0.001）;小麦的水分利用效率NR最高，CR和SR差异不显著，两种作物水分利用效率的年际间差异不显著。同一区域，专门化作物生产系统和作物—家畜综合生产系统中玉米和小麦的水分利用效率的差异不显著。NR、CR和SR玉米的水分利用效率两种农业生产系统平均后，2019年分别为39.28、30.65和25.43kg/(mm·ha），2020年分别为42.28、31.16和26.40 kg/(mm·ha）。NR、CR和SR小麦的水分利用效率两种农业生产系统平均后，2019年分别为14.95、12.15和11.17 kg/(mm·ha），2020年分别为14.53、12.55和11.75 kg/(mm·ha）。 4.基于水分利用效率的作物—家畜系统优化模式 作物的单位耗水量产值差异显著（P＜0.001），NR＞CR＞SR。在NR、CR和SR，玉米籽粒通过农牧耦合家畜转化的产值分别为12.38、9.23和7.81元/mm，随降水量增加逐渐下降，年降水量每增加1mm，单位耗水量产值下降0.025元;分别比出售玉米籽粒高60.15%、63.65%和65.12%。2016-2019年三个研究区域农牧耦合协调发展度呈现出提高的趋势。2019年，北部和中部地区农牧耦合协调发展度处于中级耦合协调发展阶段，南部处于初级耦合协调发展阶段。 以稳定耕地面积、促进作物生产与家畜生产的系统耦合、提高作物水分利用效率、增加农户收入为前提，对农户生产系统优化。NR，玉米、荞麦、羊（户均种植面积/户均家畜饲养规模）增加，小麦、黄花菜、猪和鸡减少;CR，玉米、苜蓿、羊增加，小麦、瓜、猪和鸡减少;SR，玉米和羊增加，小麦、苹果、桃、猪和鸡减少。优化后，NR、CR和SR草食家畜存栏规模分别为31.6、16.7和10.4（羊单位/户），人均收入分别为9676、8428和7695元。 关键词：陇东黄土高原，农业系统，水分利用，作物—家畜系统，耦合模式 |
| Other Abstract | Moisture is one of the important factors restricting the sustainable management of rain-fed agricultural system, Loess Plateau as a typical rain-fed agricultural area, crop production and livestock production are systematically coupled in environmental gradients such as precipitation and heat, evolving diverse agricultural systems, and how to optimize the use of water still need to be studied. Therefore, in 2019-2020, on the north-south precipitation gradient of Qingyang, choose the northern region (Tianshui town, NR) , the central region (Quzi town, CR) and the southern region, (Shishi town, SR), were selected to conduct household surveys and field sampling analysis, and to study the water use of main crops of the agricultural system and the optimal coupling mode of crop-livestock system. The main results are as follows: 1. Soil moisture pattern of farmers'crop production Inter-annual rainfall, geographical location, crop types, and soil depth have significant effects on soil moisture. The change in soil moisture content of crop land in 2020 is greater than that in 2019, which may be related to the spring drought in 2020. The 0-100cm soil moisture changes before and after the main crop growth period have obvious vertical distribution characteristics, the soil moisture changes sharply at the depth of 0-30 cm, and the soil moisture content at depths of 30-100 cm is relatively stable. In 2019, NR、CR、 SR crops soil moisture content had changes of 0-30cm before and after harvest at 4.22%, 3.64%, and 5.97%, at 30- 100 cm soil layer changes at 2.58%, 2.41% , and 3.73%. In 2020, NR、CR、 SR crops have changed soil moisture content of 0-30cm soil layers before and after harvest at4.71%, 5.18%, and 4.31%, at 30-100cm the change of soil layer are 3.62%, 3.63% , and 3.16%. 2. Crop water consumption in farmers'production systems The water consumption of NR、CR、SR Farmers forcrops producion in specialized crop production system is 1718.49-2447.02 , 1662.13-3093.34, and 750.23-2253.51 t/households, respectively. The water consumption per unit area of crops is 176.45, 276.48, and 363.27 mm, respectively, is positively correlated with annual precipitation. In the integrated crop-livestock production system, they are 1880.65-2544.12, 1753.42-3038.25, and 920.75-2148.41 t/households, respectively. The water consumption per unit area of crops is 179.23, 274.78, and 364.86 mm, respectively, is positively correlated with annual precipitation. The relationship between maize biomass (y) and water consumption (x) is y = 0.047x + 13.049（R²= 0.46，P<0.001） in the specialized crop production system, y = 0.062x + 7.546 (R²= 0.76, P<0.001) in the integrated crop-livestock production system. The relationship between wheat biomass (y) and water consumption (x) is y = 0.022x + 2.739 (R²= 0.80, P<0.001) in the specialized crop production system, and y = 0.016x + 3.198 (R²= 0.77, P<0.001) in the integrated crop-livestock production system. 3. Water use efficiency of major crops The water use efficiency (WUE) of maize is NR>CR>SR (P<0.001), The WUE of wheat is highest in NR, and there is no significant difference between CR and SR. And there is no significant difference between inter-annual of the two crops. In the same region, the difference in WUE of maize and wheat in specialized crop production system and the crop-livestock integrated production systemis not significant. After averaging the WUE of maize in two agricultural production systems of NR、CR and SR , is 39.28, 30.65, and 25.43 kg/(mm·ha), respectively in 2019, is 42.28, 31.16, and 26.40 kg/(mm·ha), respectively in 2020. After averaging the WUE of wheat in two agricultural production systems of NR、CR and SR, is 14.95 , 12.15, and 11.17 kg/(mm·ha) respectively in 2019, andis 14.53, 12.55, and 11.75 kg/(mm·ha), respectively in 2020. 4. Crop-livestock system optimization mode based on water use efficiency There is a significant difference in the output value of the unit water consumed of crops (P<0.001), NR>CR>SR. In NR, CR, and SR, the output value of maize seeds transformed by farming and livestock coupling is 12.38, 9.23, and 7.81 yuan/mm, which gradually decreases with increasing precipitation. For every 1 mm increase in annual precipitation , the output value per unit of water consumption decreases by 0.025 yuan, and 60.15%, 63.65%, and 65.12% higher than selling wheat seeds. From 2016 to 2019, the coordinated development degree of the coupling of agricultural and livestock production in the three research regions showed an increasing trend. In 2019, the coordinated development of agricultural and livestock production coupling in the northern and central regions is in theintermediate coupling and coordinated development stage, and the southern part is in the primary coupling and coordinated development stage. The farmer's production system is optimized to stable cultivated land area, promote the systematic coupling between crop production and livestock production, improve the efficiency of crop water use and increase farmers'income. NR, maize, buckwheat, sheep (average household planting area / household livestock breeding scale) increased, wheat, daylily, pigs and chickens decreased;CR, maize, lucerne and sheep increased, wheat, melons, pigs and chickens decreased;SR, maize and sheep increased, wheat, apples, peaches, pigs and chickens decreased. After optimization, NR、CR、SR average grass livestock were 31.6, 16.7, and 10.4 (sheep units/households), with per capita income of 9676, 8428, and 7695 yuan. Keywords: Eastern Gansu Loess Plateau, Agricultural System, Water Use, Crop-Livestock production System, Coupling mode |
| Pages | 71 |
| URL | 查看原文 |
| Language | 中文 |
| Document Type | 学位论文 |
| Identifier | https://ir.lzu.edu.cn/handle/262010/462439 |
| Collection | 草地农业科技学院 |
| Affiliation | 草地农业科技学院 |
| First Author Affilication | College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology |
| Recommended Citation GB/T 7714 | 李国藩. 陇东黄土高原农业系统的水分利用和作物—家畜系统耦合模式[D]. 兰州. 兰州大学,2021. |
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